Decomposed Modeling of Controllable and Uncontrollable Components in Power Systems with High Penetration of Renewable Energies

The high penetration of variable renewable energy requires flexibility from both the generation and demand sides. This raises the necessity of modeling stochastic and flexible energy resources in power system operation. However, some distributed energy resources have both stochasticity and flexibility, e.g., prosumers with distributed photovoltaics and energy storage, and plug-in electric vehicles with stochastic charging behavior and demand response capability. Such partly controllable participants pose challenges to modeling the aggregate behavior of large numbers of entities in power system operation. This paper proposes a new perspective on the aggregate modeling of such energy resources in power system operation. Specifically, a unified controllability-uncontrollability-decomposed model for various energy resources is established by modeling the controllable and uncontrollable parts of energy resources separately. Such decomposition enables straightforward aggregate modeling of massive energy resources with different controllability by integrating their controllable components using linking constraints and uncontrollable components using dependent discrete convolution. Furthermore, a two-stage stochastic unit commitment model based on the proposed model for power system operation is established. The proposed model is tested using a three-bus system and real-size Qinghai provincial power grid. The result shows that this model is able to characterize with high accuracy the aggregate behavior of massive energy resources with different controllability so that their flexibility can be fully explored.