A three-dimensional UBET model applied to the forging of square blocks between flat dies and grooved dies of simple geometry

In many metal-forming processes the material flow is complex and cannot be treated accurately by two-dimensional analysis. In the present work a three-dimensional UBET model meant for simulating the material flow in the forging of long components is proposed. Three-dimensional brick-shaped elements are utilized to partition the workpieces according to the geometry of the dies. The analysis incorporates non-uniform strain-rates inside the elements. A detailed formulation of the model is presented. The model has been applied to simulate the deformation of a block in forging between flat dies and grooved dies of simple geometry. The results show satisfactory agreement with the results of model-material experiments.