Temperature-dependent sex determination in crocodilians

Half of the 22 extant crocodilians show evidence of temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). We examine evidence for TSD in 11 species by reviewing reports on five and presenting new data for six. The female-male pattern (FM; females at low temperature, males at high temperature) attributed to Alligator mississippiensis and Caiman crocodilus are here revised to be female-male-female (FMF; males at intermediate temperature, females at low and high temperatures). A similar pattern characterizes Crocodylus palustris, C. moreletii, C. siamensis, and Gavialis gangeticus based on new data; published accounts establish a FMF pattern in Crocodylus porosus, C. johnstoni, and C. niloticus. TSD apparently occurs in Paleosuchus trigonatus and Alligator sinensis, but patterns are not yet documented. In the well-studied species, the incubation temperatures for FM transitions are congruent, but MF transition temperatures differ among species. In A. mississippiensis, 100% males are produced over a range of constant incubation temperatures, whereas in C. johnstoni, only low proportions of males are produced at any constant temperature. The thermosensitive period (TSP) for A. mississippiensis occurs during stages 21 to 24 (days 30–45 at intermediate temperatures) and coincides with gonadal differentiation. A similar scenario is suggested in other species. The TSP in A. mississippiensis (and possibly other crocodilians) encompasses the third quarter of development and occurs later than in turtles and a lizard. In A. mississippiensis as in turtles, the duration (cumulative effect) and/or the magnitude (potency effect) of incubation temperatures during the TSP predictably alter sex ratios. TSP chronologies and features which are shared among TSD reptiles suggest common, underlying mechanisms; A. mississippiensis is an appropriate model for further study. In crocodilians, clutch effects are a significant source of variation in TSD response. Hatchling sex ratios previously reported for A. mississippiensis are reconsidered in light of our new data. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.