Non-Rheumatic Immune-Related Adverse Events

With expanding use of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), the incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is increasing, posing a new clinical challenge for practitioners. The spectrum and incidence of irAEs differ by the immune checkpoint molecule that is blocked, such that CTLA-4 inhibitors are associated with colitis and hypophysitis, while PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with pneumonitis and thyroiditis. However, despite ICI type, irAEs can affect every organ system in the body. Improved irAE outcomes are related to their timely recognition and management. This chapter explores what is known about the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of non-rheumatic irAEs. In addition, we include an examination of late-breaking research into the prevention and management of irAEs.