Conformational flexibility of xanthene-based covalently linked dimers

The conformational flexibility of three covalently linked dimers consisting of two xanthene-based moieties connected by a diphenyl ether linker was studied using NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The three dimers interconvert as a function of pH: the doubly cationic dimer (Xan+)2 exists in acidic solutions (pH 3). Each dimer exhibits conformational degrees of freedom associated with rotations of either the xanthene moiety or of the diphenyl ether (DPE) linker. The barriers for rotation of the xanthylium moiety were evaluated using DFT calculations, yielding values of 23 kcal/mol for (Xan+)2 and 11 kcal/mol for (Xan-OH)2, respectively. The rotational barrier for the diphenyl ether linker in Xan+–Xan-OH (15 kcal/mol) was experimentally determined using variable temperature NMR measurements. The relative orientation of the two –OH groups in (Xan-OH)2 diol was investigated in solution and the solid state using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The conformer observed in the solid state was found to be the In–Out conformer, while free rotation of the xanthenol units is thought to occur on the NMR timescale at room temperature. These studies are relevant for the design of linkers for efficient water oxidation catalysts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.