Video Atlas of Cystourethroscopy Findings

Study Objective The objectives of this video are to demonstrate normal findings at the time of cystourethroscopy, show examples of common benign findings within the bladder and urethra, and to show lesions that warrant additional investigation. We hope to provide examples of common benign and malignant findings to gynecologic surgeons to assist with recognition if they incidentally found. Design N/A Setting Tertiary academic hospital with a high-volume gynecologic surgery practice Patients or Participants The images shown in the video are taken from a variety of patients undergoing cystoscopy by two urogynecologists. Interventions Images were obtained at the time of surgery for educational purposes Measurements and Main Results This video demonstrates the equipment and steps of performing cystourethroscopy. We review examples of the following benign anatomic variants: shaggy urethral fronds, squamous metaplasia, cystitis cystica, bladder trabeculations, ureterocele, bladder diverticula, bladder wall cysts, ureteral orifice cysts, hypervascularity, duplicated collecting systems, foreign bodies, and fistulas. We also review two examples of neoplastic findings, including urothelial papilloma and papillary urothelial carcinoma. Conclusion Cystoscopy can be a useful procedure in the office and operating room. Gynecologic surgeons should be familiar with normal cystoscopy findings. If abnormalities are found, it is the surgeon's responsibility to document and refer the patient for additional testing if indicated.