Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Constituents, Traditional Medicine Usage, Pharmacological Effect, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Semen armeniacae

Semen armeniacae refers to the seeds of Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae). The Prunus armeniaca L. plant is spreading in the Korean peninsula, China, India, Japan, North Africa, and the United States of America. The Prunus armeniaca contains 3% amygdalin, titratable acidity, sugars (saccharose, fructose, and glucose), and organic acids (citric and malic acids) in addition to prunasin and mandelonitrile. Semen armeniacae is used for the treatment of asthma and cough (with expectoration and fever). It is used in constipation therapy. It is also used as eardrops for inflammation and tinnitus and the treatment of skin diseases. The pharmacological effect of Semen armeniacae includes experimental and clinical pharmacology. Experimental pharmacology includes anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. Decoction of Semen armeniacae to 2275 patients with COVID-19 improves clinical parameters such as lung state, clinical cure rate, number of cough reduction cases, symptom score of cough, viral nucleic acid testing, and inflammatory biomarkers. Oral intake of Semen armeniacae extract for 28 days did not cause any hematological, biochemical, or histological changes in rats. The Prunus armeniaca plant declines oxidative stress, inflammation, fat degeneration, and necrosis in alcohol-induced in-vivo and in-vitro liver injury models. There is no effect on fertility in rats after eating Semen armeniacae for 5 weeks. The average daily dose= 3-9 g of Semen armeniacae rinsing in boiling water then adding to a decoction. In conclusion, Semen armeniacae has anti-cholinesterase, neuroprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antitussive activities. © 2021 by the authors. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).