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A (processed) apple a day, keeps the doctor away? Natural occurrence, exposure assessment & risk characterization of Alternaria mycotoxins in apple by-products in Argentina
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- Research Square Platform LLC, 2022.
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Abstract
- Apple fruits are susceptible to infection with Alternaria species, mainly causing mouldy core disease, hindering the detection of infected fruit by processing industries. Data on the natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in apple by-products is lacking in Argentina. The risk of exposure to these mycotoxins has not been characterized before. Therefore, the levels of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin-I (ATX-I), altertoxin-II (ATX-II), alternariol 3-sulfate (AOH-3-S), alternariol 3-glucoside (AOH-3-G), alternariol monomethyl ether 3-sulfate (AME-3-S), and alternariol monomethyl ether 3-glucoside (AME-3-G) were determined in clarified and cloudy apple juices, marmalades, and apple-based infant food from the Argentinean market, and the risk of exposure was characterized. In the clarified juices, detectable levels of AME, TEN, TeA, AME-3-S and AOH-3-G were found, while in the cloudy apple juices the same mycotoxins plus AOH were found in higher concentrations. AME, TEN, TeA and AOH-3G were found in marmalades, and AOH, AME, TEN and TeA were detected in apple infant food. Probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization were carried out for children between 6 months and 5 years old in Argentina from the consumption of clarified and cloudy apple juices and apple-based infant food. The highest risk of exposure affected children between 6 and 23 months from the consumption of apple infant food. The alternariols represented the highest risk. Better control strategies to prevent the incorporation of Alternaria mouldy core into the process line, and the establishment of legislation for Alternaria mycotoxins are needed in Argentina.
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi...........bcda4707555ac0508efb4b388c8976df