Cyst morphology and germination in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae)

Further understanding of the life history of Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae) requires identification and isolation of cysts. In this study, we provide a more detailed description of the cyst wall, the germination pore, the structure underneath the lid of germination pore (SULG) and the germination process. The SULG is associated with cyst germination and may be a useful diagnostic feature of H. akashiwo cysts. Our refined description of cysts of H. akashiwo may allow for accurate identification in environmental samples.