Assessment of retention and persistence of copper fungicides on orange fruit and leaves using fluorometry and copper residue analyses

High volumes of copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide and copper oxychloride were sprayed under natural conditions onto mature orange trees to compare the retention on citrus leaves and fruit over a period of 56 days by means of copper residue analyses and a spray deposition assessment protocol using fluorometry, photomacrography and digital image analyses. Rainfall and increase in fruit size were also recorded to determine if it had an influence on weathering of copper residues. Initial retention following application of the different fungicides differed on Valencia leaves and fruit: applications with cuprous oxide retained significantly more copper residue and fluorescent pigment, while copper hydroxide retained higher copper and pigment levels on Navel leaves and fruit. Nonetheless, persistence of copper residues deposited by the three copper fungicide formulations was similar and decreased at the same tempo during both seasons; initially a fast reduction (48 and 60% for year one and two respectively) in residue during the first 14 days followed by a more gradual decline (41 and 24% for year one and two respectively) from 14 to 56 days. The loss of copper residues was attributed to weathering (days after treatment), fruit growth and cumulative rainfall as these factors were inversely correlated with copper residue levels (Pearson's r = −0.840, −0.722 and −0.733 respectively). A 76% and 90% correlation was observed between the copper residue analyzed and the quantitative fluorescent pigment measurements on mature leaves and fruit, respectively; showing that fruit is more reliable for fluorometry analyses and that this technique proved to be an effective tool for spray deposition and persistence assessment of copper fungicides. All copper formulations tested at these registered rates at 35-day spray intervals were effective in controlling Guignardia citricarpa .