Polyoxometalates and Metal–Organic Frameworks Based Dual-Functional Catalysts for Detoxification of Bis(2-Chloroethyl) Sulfide and Organophosphorus Agents

The bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, commonly named sulfur mustard, as a vesicant agent and the tabun, sarin, soman, and venomous X as organophosphorus nerve agents are the most notorious, used, and threatening chemical warfare agents which contamination by them make serious health problems. The most efficient method for sulfur mustard detoxification is its selective oxidation to its corresponding sulfoxide, which is a nontoxic product. While for organophosphorus nerve agents, the best strategy is the hydrolysis of their P–X bond. Various mono-functional catalysts have been introducing regarding these methods. In other words, they are only able to selective oxidation of sulfur mustard or hydrolysis of organophosphorus nerve agents or their simulants. However, due to the unpredictable use of these chemical warfare agents, for human and environmental safety, there is a need for dual-functional catalysts capable of both the selective oxidation of sulfur mustard and hydrolysis of organophosphorus agents. In this regard, the reported dual-functional catalysts for oxidation of sulfur mustard and hydrolysis of organophosphorus agents, or their simulants, are reviewed here. These catalysts are mainly polyoxometalates and minorly metal-organic frameworks based catalysts.