Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen Following Neural Injury

In this chapter, we describe the common molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration and apoptosis underlying neural injury that results from traumatic brain injury, stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease. We also discuss the influence of the immune system on neural injury, and how estrogens may modulate apoptotic and neuroprotective pathways, as well as the immune response. Additionally, we review the evidence, from in vitro and in vivo studies, that describes the neuroprotective effects of estrogens against neurodegeneration resulting from neural injury. Finally, we discuss limitations and future directions needed to make estrogens a viable option for use in neural injury.