Chemical syntheses of nanocrystalline lithium manganese oxide spinel

The use of lithium manganese oxides in rechargeable lithium ion batteries has been stimulated due to their low cost and environmental compatibility. Especially, the interest of scientists concerns the oxide of the stable, spinel structured LiMn2O4. In the present work, this compound has been synthesized by three different methods viz., solid state reaction, modified sol–gel, and microwave hydrothermal techniques. The phase compositions of products were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) method and the surface morphology of nanopowders was examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)