Protein-mediated genome folding allosterically enhances site-specific integration of foreign DNA into CRISPRs

Bacteria and archaea acquire resistance to viruses and plasmids by integrating fragments of foreign DNA into the first repeat of a CRISPR array. However, the mechanism of site-specific integration remains poorly understood. Here, we determine a 560 kDa integration complex structure that explains how Cas (Cas1-2/3) and non-Cas proteins (IHF) fold 150 base-pairs of host DNA into a U-shaped bend and a loop that protrude from Cas1-2/3 at right angles. The U-shaped bend traps foreign DNA on one face of the Cas1-2/3 integrase, while the loop places the first CRISPR repeat in the Cas1 active site. Both Cas3s rotate 100-degrees to expose DNA binding sites on either side of the Cas2 homodimer, that each bind an inverted repeat motif in the leader. Leader sequence motifs direct Cas1-2/3-mediated integration to diverse repeat sequences that have a 5’-GT.