Use of Ultrasound and Ultraviolet Radiation in Hybrid Methods for Water Disinfection

Hybrid photochemical methods are considered for water disinfection in which treatment with ultraviolet (UV) and ultrasonic (US) radiations are combined (US/UV) and applied consecutively or simultaneously; the use of catalysts is also included. The literature survey shows that inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic media by high-frequency US (>100 kHz) has not been studied adequately, whereas only low-frequency (