Fundamentals of and recent advances in sorbent-based headspace extractions

In this review, we present the most significant developments since 2013 of sorbent-based headspace extractions that resonated with the latest guidelines of green analytical chemistry. The fundamentals of each technique are discussed, as well as representative applications in the environmental, food analysis, and bioanalysis fields. Such equilibrium-based extractions are currently embodied by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) devices (e.g., fiber-based, TF-SPME, SPME Arrow), needle-based devices (e.g., SPDE, ITEX, NTD), and coated stir bars (e.g., HSSE, SBSE). This review covers most aspects of sample preparation, including theory, fundamental developments, novel sorbent phases (e.g., metal organic frameworks (MOF), carbon-based nanostructured materials, and ionic liquids (IL)), derivatization for gas chromatography (GC), and method development (e.g., design of experiments). In particular, vacuum-assisted extractions have been highlighted due to their recent developments.