Depletion of intestinal phosphate after operative injury activates the virulence of P aeruginosa causing lethal gut-derived sepsis

Background We explored the possibility that the opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa senses low phosphate (Pi) as a signal of host injury and shifts to a lethal phenotype. Methods Virulence expression in P aeruginosa was examined in vitro under low phosphate conditions by assessing expression of the PA-I lectin, a barrier dysregulating protein, pyocyanin, and biofilm production, and PstS, a phosphate scavenging protein. Virulence expression in vivo was assessed using operatively injured mice (30% hepatectomy) intestinally inoculated with P aeruginosa . Results In vitro experiments demonstrated that acute phosphate depletion resulted in an increase ( P = .001) in the expression the PA-I lectin, biofilm, pyocyanin, and PstS. Operative injury caused a depletion (P = .006) of intestinal phosphate concentration and increased mortality (60%) owing to intestinal P aeruginosa , which was prevented completely with oral phosphate supplementation and restoration of intestinal phosphate, neither of which were observed with systemic (IV) administration. PstS gene expression was 32-fold higher in P aeruginosa recovered from the cecum after hepatectomy indicating inadequate intestinal Pi. Conclusions Operative injury-induced intestinal phosphate depletion shifts the phenotype of P aeruginosa to express enhanced virulence in vitro and lethality in vivo. Intestinal phosphate repletion may be a novel strategy to contain pathogens associated with lethal gut-derived sepsis.