New trends in glioma cancer therapy: Targeting Na + /H + exchangers

Glioma is the oneof the most prevalent primarybrain tumors. There is a variety of oxidative stresses, inflammatory pathways, apoptosis signaling, and Na+ /H + exchangers (NHEs) involved in the pathophysiology of glioma. Previous studies have indicated a relationship between NHEs and some molecular pathways in glioma. NHEs, including NHE1, NHE5, and NHE9 affect apoptosis, tumor-associated macrophage inflammatory pathways, matrix metalloproteinases, cancer-cell growth, invasion, and migration of glioma. Also, inhibition of NHEs contributes to increased survival in animal models of glioma. Limited studies, however, have assessed the relationship between NHEs and molecular pathways in glioma. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence regarding the relationship between NHEs and glioma, and the mechanisms involved.