Characteristics of the Ionospheric Disturbances Caused by Typhoon Using GPS and Ionospheric Sounding

The regularity and coupling mechanism of typhoon-induced ionospheric disturbances are still unclear. In this paper, three typhoons that made landfall over China in 2016 are selected as typical cases. The morphological characteristics of ionospheric disturbances affected by typhoons are comprehensively analyzed using ionospheric TEC extracted from ground-based GPS, ionospheric scintillation data, and digital ionosonde data. The results show that the ionospheric TEC shows positive anomalies and the ionospheric scintillation intensity increases before typhoon’s landfall. On the vertical scale, anomalies have occurred in E, F1 and F2 layers of the ionosphere too. It is analyzed that the movement of the turbulent layer and the gravity waves generated by the interaction between the typhoon and the ground cause changes in the electric field and then cause ionospheric disturbances.