Study of the squatting facets of the talus and tibia in ancient Egyptians

A study of the squatting facets of the talus and tibia of 300 male and female ancient Egyptian skeletons in the collection at the Institute of Anthropology at the University of Turin is described. A classification of the different forms of squatting facets of the tibia and talus is reported. The examination of the extensions of the medial articular surface and the trochlear surface of the talus is reported too. The results of the survey are described and the incidence of the facets and the extensions of the medial articular surface and of the trochlear surface in this series of ancient Egyptian skeletons is reported. Finally, the natural history and aetiology of squatting facets is discussed; the two main theories to account for their presence are outlined—that they are either acquired features modified by the squatting posture, or that they are inherited as genetic traits. Further detailed studies and research are required to test both the hypotheses; in particular to clarify the possible role hereditary factors may play, further research on living populations and more extensive foetal studies are suggested.