Exploring pyroelectric effect of wurtzite ZnS ceramics

Pyroelectric energy harvesting has the ability to transform wasted heat into useful energy and as such has a potential to create “green” energy from freely available sources such as ambient temperature changes, and contribute to the fight against climate change. Current pyroelectrics applications are limited to low-power electronics, portable systems or tasks needing only very low range of power (μW–mW). Developing further this highly promising technology should ultimately lead to the creation of more powerful, autonomous and self-powered electronic devices that could one day use to recycle currently “lost” thermal energy to power electronic devices in both domestic and industrial settings. To the best of our knowledge, hexagonal phase ZnS (wurtzite ZnS) has not been studied as a possible energy harvesting pyroelectric material despite w-ZnS being isostructural to the well-exploited and widely praised hexagonal ZnO [1]. In addition, the Tc temperature (1020 ˚C for bulk material) is high enough for ZnS that it has the ability to operate at higher temperature that are good match with the working temperature of power plants and automobiles, and hence w-ZnS ceramics should have a potential to be used in pyroelectric harvesters of waste heat coming from those activities [2]. Here we report on the pyroelectric output registered for a wurtzite phase ZnS ceramic fabricated as part of our project. To probe the pyroelectric output for a w-ZnS ceramic a simple device (a “pyro-cell”) was created by evaporating gold electrods on both sides of a ceramic sample, which was mounted on a Cu-metalized rectangular insulating base (vetronite) using silver paint. This device is stable from room temperature up to approximately 180°C. Two different heating and cooling testing set-ups were established: Set-up n°1 used an industrial scale laser, providing a source with fast temperature change, and Set-up n°2 had a standard lab hot plate heating element, providing a much slower temperature change. The characterization required an accurate measurement of the currents of the order of 10-9 A. In addition, using the Pyroelectric Test System (PK‐SPIV17T, State College, PA, USA) with a Keithley 6517 B Picoammeter, we were able to measure the pyroelectric coefficient and monitor its change at different frequencies as afunction of temperature from 20 °C up to 150° C, with a heating rate of between 2 and 10 °C/min. Figure 1: Pyroelectric current measurements on an ZnS ceramic sample, using testing set-up n°1. The horizontal axis shows the time (seconds). References [1] Y. Yang, W. Guo, K.C. Pradel, G. Zhu, Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Hu, L. Lin, Z. Lin Wang, “Pyroelectric Nanogenerators for Harvesting Thermoelectric Energy”, Nano Lett, 12 (6), 2012, 2833–2838 [2] L.A. Chavez, F.O. Zayas Jimenez, B.R. Wilburn, L.C. Delfin, H. Kim, N. Love, Y. Lin, “Characterization of Thermal Energy Harvesting Using Pyroelectric Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures”, Energy Harvesting and Systems, 5(1-2), 2018, 3–10 &nbsp