Evaluation of water flux prediction with heat-pulse technique in saturated soils

Heat-pulse technique (HPT) has shown promise for predicting soil water flux (Jw). This study evaluated the accuracy of HPT in predicting Jw in packed saturated columns of quartz, sand, silt loam, and sandy clay loam. Jw was predicted using the maximum dimensionless temperature differences (MDTD), ratio of downstream to upstream temperature increases (Td/Tu), and an improved Td/Tu method. Results indicated that Jw predictions had a good linear relationship with measurements (R2 > 0.93). The HPT underestimated Jw to varying degrees, and the underestimations increased as Jw increased and soil texture became fine. The Td/Tu method outperformed the MDTD and the improved Td /Tu because of its higher accuracy, fewer parameters, and simpler calculations. The MDTD exhibited the poorest performance. In coarse-textured soil materials (e.g. quartz and sand), Jw predictions by the Td/Tu method were most accurate, and even with high Jw (up to 72.4 μm s−1), relative errors still remained within 9.8%. However, in...