Magmatic records of subduction and closure of the Meso-Tethys Ocean in the northern-central Tibetan Plateau

The evolution of the Tethys Ocean has received much research attention; however, the timing and subduction mechanisms involved in the closure of the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean remain poorly constrained. In this study, we present geological, geochronological, geochemical, and zircon isotopic data from Cretaceous magmatic rocks and combine these with previously published data within the central Bangong-Nujiang suture zone in the north-central Tibetan Plateau. The integrated data update the regional tectonic framework and enable a comprehensive geodynamic model to be developed for the subduction and ocean closure events. In detail, temporal and spatial variations in the Jurassic−Cretaceous magmatism reflect the influence of the northward subduction of the Dongqiao-Amdo oceanic basin and the bidirectional subduction of the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys oceanic crust. The evolution of the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean further involved initial intra-ocean subduction, slab rollback, and flat subduction, as evidenced by two phases of north-south migration of magmatism at ca. 190−160 and 160−130 Ma and a magmatic hiatus at 160−140 Ma. The ocean closed during a two-stage process, including the closure of the Dongqiao-Amdo oceanic basin to the north and the Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean to the south. The Dongqiao-Amdo oceanic basin closed soon after ca. 180 Ma, accompanied by continent-continent collision between the Amdo microcontinent and the South Qiangtang terrane. The Bangong-Nujiang Meso-Tethys Ocean closed at 130−120 Ma, corresponding to a period of waning magmatism. This closure represented complete oceanic closure and caused an arc-continent collisional event involving the Baingoin magmatic arc, the Amdo microcontinent, and the Lhasa terrane. The Lower Cretaceous terrestrial strata and their basal unconformity mark the final closure of the ocean, and the Early Cretaceous ocean islands might have formed before ca. 130 Ma.