In vivo quantitative imaging of normal and cancerous breast tissue using broadband diffuse optical tomography

Purpose: A NIRtomography system that combines frequency domain (FD) and continuous wave (CW) measurements was used to image normal and malignant breast tissues. Methods: FD acquisitions were confined to wavelengths less than 850 nm because of detector limitations, whereas light from longer wavelengths (up to 948 nm) was measured in CW mode with CCD-coupled spectrometer detection. The two data sets were combined and processed in a single spectrally constrained reconstruction to map concentrations of hemoglobin, water, and lipid, as well as scattering parameters in the breast. Results: Chromophore concentrations were imaged in the breasts of nine asymptomatic volunteers to evaluate their intrasubject and intersubject variability. Normal subject data showed physiologically expected trends. Images from three cancer patients indicate that the added CW data is critical to recovering the expected increases in water and decreases in lipid content within malignancies.Contrasts of 1.5 to twofold in hemoglobin and water values were found in cancers. Conclusions: In vivo breast imaging with instrumentation that combines FD and CW NIR data acquisition in a single spectralreconstruction produces more accurate hemoglobin, water, and lipid results relative to FD data alone.