Fingerprint of the geographic and climate evolution of the Baltic–White Sea region in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene in groundwater stable isotopes (2H, 18O)

The isotopic studies of atmospheric precipitations, snow surveys, surface and groundwaters, which were conducted in 2005–2017 in the Baltic Sea – White Sea region, are presented. Groundwater formed during the last cold period under the influence of the Eemian Sea and the Baltic Ice Lake, and also cryogenic metamorphism was discovered. It was discovered that some relatively small rivers pose as regional drains for groundwater of a significant age. Such reaction of groundwater on the geographic and climatic changes is a consequence of the specific geological and tectonic structure of area, where the Baltic shield is contact with artesian basins and fractured crystalline rocks begins to be covered by the platform sediments.