Bulk single crystals of β-Ga2O3 and Ga-based spinels as ultra-wide bandgap transparent semiconducting oxides

In the course of development of transparent semiconducting oxides (TSOs) we compare the growth and basic physical properties bulk single crystals of ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) TSOs, namely β-Ga2O3 and Ga-based spinels MgGa2O4, ZnGa2O4, and Zn1-xMgxGa2O4. High melting points of the materials of about 1800 -1930 °C and their thermal instability, including incongruent decomposition of Ga-based spinels, require additional tools to obtain large crystal volume of high structural quality that can be used for electronic and optoelectronic devices. Bulk β-Ga2O3 single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method with a diameter up to 2 inch, while the Ga-based spinel single crystals either by the Czochralski, Kyropoulos-like, or vertical gradient freeze / Bridgman methods with a volume of several to over a dozen cm3. The UWBG TSOs discussed here have optical bandgaps of about 4.6 - 5 eV and great transparency in the UV / visible spectrum. The materials can be obtained as electrical insulators, n-type semiconductors, or n-type degenerate semiconductors. The free electron concentration (ne) of bulk β-Ga2O3 crystals can be tuned within three orders of magnitude 1016 - 1019 cm−3 with a maximum Hall electron mobility (μ) of 160 cm2V−1s−1, that gradually decreases with ne. In the case of the bulk Ga-based spinel crystals with no intentional doping, the maximum of ne and μ increase with decreasing the Mg content in the compound and reach values of about 1020 cm−3 and about 100 cm2V−1s−1 (at ne > 1019 cm−3), respectively, for pure ZnGa2O4.