Toward an efficient f-in-core/f-in-valence switchable description for DFTB calculations of Ce 4f states in ceria

A computational protocol is developed for efficient studies of partially reduced redox-active oxides using the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding method. The protocol is demonstrated for ceria, which is a prototypical reducible oxide material. The underlying idea is to achieve a consistent (and harmonized) set of Slater–Koster (SK) tables with connected repulsive potentials that enable switching on and off the in-valence description of the Ce 4 f states without serious loss of accuracy in structure and energetics. The implicit treatment of the Ce 4 f states, with the use of f-in-core SK-tables, is found to lead to a significant decrease in computational time. More importantly, it allows for explicit control of the oxidation states of individual Ce atoms. This makes it possible to “freeze” the electronic configuration, thereby allowing the exploration of the energetics for various meta-stable configurations. We anticipate that the outlined strategy can help to shed light on the interplay between the size, shape, and redox activity for nanoceria and other related materials.