Graphene coating of Nafion$^{(R)}$ membranes for enhanced fuel cell performance

Electrochemically exfoliated graphene (e-G) thin films on Nafion$^{(R)}$ membranes exhibit a selective barrier effect against undesirable fuel crossover. The approach combines the high proton conductivity of state-of-the-art Nafion$^{(R)}$ and the ability of e-G layers to effectively block the transport of methanol and hydrogen. Nafion$^{(R)}$ membranes are coated with aqueous dispersions of e-G on the anode side, making use of a facile and scalable spray process. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) confirm the formation of a dense percolated graphene flake network which acts as diffusion barrier. The maximum power density in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operation with e-G coated Nafion$^{(R)}$ N115 is 3.9 times higher than the Nafion$^{(R)}$ N115 reference (39 vs. 10 mW cm$^{-2}$ @ 0.3 V) at 5M methanol feed concentration. This suggests the application of e-G coated Nafion$^{(R)}$ membranes for portable DMFCs, where the use of highly concentrated methanol is desirable.