The bZIP transcription factor MdHY5 regulates anthocyanin accumulation and nitrate assimilation in apple

The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor HY5 plays a multifaceted role in plant growth and development. Here the apple MdHY5 gene was cloned based on its homology with Arabidopsis HY5. Expression analysis demonstrated that MdHY5 transcription was induced by light and abscisic acid treatments. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transient expression assays subsequently showed that MdHY5 positively regulated both its own transcription and that of MdMYB10 by binding to E-box and G-box motifs, respectively. Furthermore, we obtained transgenic apple calli that overexpressed the MdHY5 gene, and apple calli coloration assays showed that MdHY5 promoted anthocyanin accumulation by regulating expression of the MdMYB10 gene and downstream anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. In addition, the transcript levels of a series of nitrate reductase genes and nitrate uptake genes in both wild-type and transgenic apple calli were detected. In association with increased nitrate reductase activities and nitrate contents, the results indicated that MdHY5 might be an important regulator in nutrient assimilation. Taken together, these results indicate that MdHY5 plays a vital role in anthocyanin accumulation and nitrate assimilation in apple. The regulatory gene HY5 plays an important role in two biochemical pathways controlling fruit quality and coloration in apple. The gene HY5 has long been recognized as a key regulator of other genes, controlling multiple processes in plant growth and development. A team from Shandong Agricultural University, China, led by Xiao-Fei Wang and Yu-Jin Hao, investigated the gene‘s action in apples, one of the world‘s most important fruit crops. They found that HY5 strongly influences the production of pigments known as anthocyanins, which help give apples their appealing color. They also found evidence that it is involved in regulating nitrogen uptake, a crucial process for plant growth, and that its action is light-activated. These results may prove useful to breeders engineering better quality and more attractive apples for the consumer market.