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Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands
- Source :
- Ocular Surface, 19, 83-93. ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
- Publication Year :
- 2019
-
Abstract
- Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of dry eye among all adult age categories and to discover independent risk factors by investigating a wide range of etiological categories.Methods: A cross-sectional association study including 79,866 voluntary participants aged 20-94 years of the population-based Lifelines Cohort Study in the Netherlands.Results: Overall, 9.1% of participants had dry eye disease as measured by the Women's Health Study dry eye questionnaire. Prevalence of dry eye symptoms were particularly prevalent in 20-30 years olds. Dry eye was associated with comorbidities in almost all body systems, including musculoskeletal, gastro-intestinal, ophthalmic, autoimmune, psychiatric, pain, functional, dermatological and atopic disorders. Numerous independent risk factors were discovered or confirmed, with strong associations for female sex, contact lens use, irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, eye surgery including cataract and laser refractive surgery, keratoconus, osteoarthritis, connective tissue diseases, atherosclerosis, Graves' disease, autistic disorder, depression, 'burnout', Crohn's disease, sarcoid, lichen planus, rosacea, liver cirrhosis, sleep apnea, sinusitis, thyroid function, and air pollution (NO2). High blood pressure and high BMI were strongly associated with less dry eye, as was current smoking, while ex-smokers had more dry eye. No clear link between dry eye and lipid or blood glucose levels was found.Conclusions: This study on dry eye confirmed but also refuted many risk factors from smaller epidemiological studies, and discovered numerous new risk factors in multiple etiological categories. The finding that dry eye symptoms are particularly common in young adults is concerning, and warrants further study.
- Subjects :
- medicine.medical_specialty
Pediatrics
genetic structures
Epidemiology
medicine.medical_treatment
Population
Dry eye
Pain
Cohort Studies
Young Adult
Risk Factors
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Prevalence
Medicine
Humans
Eye surgery
Sjogren syndrome
Risk factor
education
Netherlands
education.field_of_study
business.industry
Smoking
medicine.disease
eye diseases
Contact lens
Ophthalmology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Dry Eye Syndromes
Female
Thyroid function
business
Cohort study
Autoimmune
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 19375913 and 15420124
- Volume :
- 19
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- The ocular surface
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....0794261bac51256bb6b8bfbfa052ffe8