Eligibility Considerations for Female Whole Blood Donors: Hemoglobin Levels and Iron Status in a Nationally Representative Population

Blood collection from minority populations improves the transfusion support of patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia, but efforts are challenged by high deferral rates for hemoglobin (Hb) eligibility thresholds. This study sought to evaluate hemoglobin and iron status of a representative US female population to assess the suitability of 12.0 g/dL as minimum hemoglobin. Data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1999-2010. A national sample designed to reflect potential female blood donors (weight ≥110 lbs, not pregnant, no infectious marker reactivity, and no blood donation in past year) aged 16 to 49 years was analyzed for Hb and serum ferritin (SF) measures by race/ethnicity (N = 6937). Mean Hb and SF and the prevalence of iron deficiency ([ID] SF12 ng/mL and SF26 ng/mL) and low Hb (12.5 g/dL and12.0 g/dL) were estimated. Multivariable modified Poisson regression compared the prevalence for ID or low Hb at each cutoff by race/ethnicity. Mean SF values were higher and ID prevalence was lower in Non-Hispanic (NH) White (SF = 45.3 ng/mL, SF12 ng/mL = 8.2%) than NH Black (SF = 39.6 ng/mL, SF12 ng/mL = 14.2%) and Hispanic (SF = 36.5 ng/mL, SF12 ng/mL = 12.7%) females. Compared to NH White females (13.7 g/dL), mean Hb was lower in NH Black (12.6 g/dL) and Hispanic females (13.4 g/dL). The percentage with Hb12.5 g/dL was4 times greater in NH Black (39.1%) and2 times greater in Hispanic females (16.5%) compared to NH White (8.6%). Within 0.5 g/dL incremental categories of Hb, NH Black had higher mean SF levels and lower prevalence of SF12 ng/mL or26 ng/mL compared to NH White and Hispanic females. At Hb of 12.0 to 12.4g/dL, NH Black females had better measures of iron status (SF = 39.1 ng/mL, %SF12 ng/mL = 12.0%) than NH White (SF = 33.6 ng/mL, %SF12 ng/mL=15.8%) and Hispanic (SF = 30.4 ng/mL, %SF12 ng/mL=15.5%) females whose Hb was 12.5 to 12.9 g/dL. Adjusting for age and Hb, the prevalence ratio for low SF was significantly lower in NH Black compared to NH White females at both SF26 ng/mL (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.83, 95%CI = 0.76-0.92) and SF12 ng/mL (aPR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.52-0.83). NH Black females with Hb 12.0 to 12.4g/dL have better iron stores than NH White and Hispanic females whose Hb is 12.5 to 12.9 g/dL. The distribution of Hb and iron may support the safe collection of blood for female donors below the current Hb eligibility requirement of 12.5 g/dL.