Mechanisms of regional anaesthesia protection against hyperalgesia and pain chronicization

Purpose of review The aim of the present review is to describe how regional anaesthesia might oppose neuronal changes that surgery and opioids cause in the central nervous system to block both pain sensitization and chronicization following surgery. This might help anaesthesiologists to better understand the impact of their practice on the development of postoperative chronic pain. Recent findings Even though there are more evidences from animals and clinical trials showing that regional anaesthesia might impact the acute pain/hyperalgesia and chronic postsurgical pain, the controversy on how and when to use regional anesthesia to avoid chronic pain persists. Animal studies brought only a very partial answer on what to do in our daily clinical practice. Clinical studies were performed in different types of surgery with various protocols so that a strong conclusion on whether or not using regional anesthesia might benefit the patient to decrease the risk of postoperative chronic pain remains unclear. Studies performed with neuraxial anaesthesia seem to bring better evidences than those with nerve blocks. Future studies will have to specifically evaluate acute hyperalgesia and postoperative chronic pain and not only the classical pain scores and analgesic consumption to bring us the answer we all need. Summary Regional anaesthesia is able to reduce postoperative acute hyperalgesia and long-term chronic pain by decreasing pain sensitization induced by the surgery itself, and intraoperative use and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Nevertheless, clinical studies on neuraxial anaesthesia and nerve blocks did not bring so far a strong conclusion to this question, and further better designed studies are necessary.