Chylomicrons: Advances in biology, pathology, laboratory testing, and therapeutics

The adequate absorption of lipids is essential for all mammalian species due to their inability to synthesize some essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Chylomicrons (CMs) are large, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are produced in intestinal enterocytes in response to fat ingestion, which function to transport the ingested lipids to different tissues. In addition to the contribution of CMs to postprandial lipemia, their remnants, the degradation products following lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase, are linked to cardiovascular disease. In this review, we will focus on the structure-function and metabolism of CMs. Second, we will analyze the impact of gene defects reported to affect CM metabolism and, also, the role of CMs in other pathologies, such as atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Third, we will provide an overview of the laboratory tests currently used to study CM disorders, and, finally, we will highlight current treatments in diseases affecting CMs.
This work was supported by Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and FEDER “Una manera de hacer Europa” (grant numbers: CP13-00070 to JJ; PI1401648 to FBV and JMMC; PI12-0291 to JC-E). JJ is the recipient of a Miguel Servet Type 1 contract (CP13-00070). CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) is a project of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.