HLA class II on HIV particles is functional in superantigen presentation to human T cells: implications for HIV pathogenesis

The mechanisms of immune suppression by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1, are more complex than simple helper T cell deletion via infection and viral-induced lysis. Since the recent description of cellular proteins associated with HIV suggests that these proteins may be active in viral pathogenesis, the nature of HLA class II gene product carried on HIV, one of the most abundant of the human components carried with the virus, was examined. HIV bearing HLA-DR was shown to act with bacterial superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), to stimulate highly purified human T lymphocytes. T cell stimulation by wild-type HIV was shown by both induction of proliferation and by production of the cytokine interleukin 2 (IL-2). In contrast, HIV produced from mutant cells lacking class II genes were unable to cooperate with SEA to activate T cells. Neither whole HIV nor several proteins purified from HIV (gp120, gp41, p24, p7, and p6) exhibited superantigen-like activity in this system. HLA-DR-bearing HIV could, in the continued presence of SEA, induce T cell apoptosis, as detected by nuclear fragmentation and morphological criteria. These data indicate that human cellular proteins associated with HIV may be biologically active, and these proteins should be considered in mechanisms of viral pathogenicity and immunogenicity.