Identification of an ethylene-responsive region in the promoter of a fruit ripening gene

Transcription of the E4 gene is controlled by an increase in ethylene concentration during tomato fruit ripening. To investigate the molecular basis for ethylene regulation, we have examined the E4 promoter to identify cis elements and trans-acting factors that are involved in E4 gene expression. In transgenic tomato plants a chimeric gene construct containing a 1.4-kilobase E4 promoter fused to a beta-glucuronidase reporter gene is rapidly induced by ethylene in ripening fruit. Deletion of E4 promoter sequences to 193 base pairs reduces the level of GUS activity but does not affect ethylene induction. Transient expression of E4 promoter-luciferase chimeric gene constructs containing various deletions, introduced into tomato fruit pericarp by particle bombardment, indicates that a positive ethylene-responsive region is localized between nucleotides -161 and -85 relative to the transcription start site. DNase I footprint analysis shows that a nuclear factor in unripe fruit interacts specifically with sequences in this element, from -142 to -110, which are required for the ethylene response. The DNase I footprint of this factor is reduced in ethylene-treated unripe fruit and undetectable in ripe fruit. Based on the correlation of a nuclear factor binding site with promoter sequences required for ethylene induction, we propose that this in vitro DNA-binding activity may represent a factor that is involved in ethylene-regulated E4 gene expression.