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Local differentiation in Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance genes in Sudan
- Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Studies of population genetic structure of parasites can be used to infer which parasite genes are under selection. Here, the population structure of 4 genes associated with drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum (the chloroquine resistance transporter, pfcrt, dihydrofolate reductase, dhfr, dihydropteroate synthase, dhps, and multi-drug resistance, pfmdr-1) were examined in parasite populations in 3 villages in eastern Sudan and in an urban area of Khartoum, the capital. In order to differentiate the effects of drug selection from neutral influences on population structure, parasites were also genotyped for 3 putatively neutral microsatellite loci (polyα, TA81 and pfg377), and for 2 antigenic loci that are either under balancing selection or neutral, merozoite surface protein 1 and 2, (MSP-1 and MSP-2). Cross-sectional surveys were carried out during the peak transmission (wet) season and in the ensuing dry season. No significant variation in frequencies of MSP-1 and MSP-2 alleles was seen among villages in the eastern region and between the villages and Khartoum, nor between the wet and dry season. However, the drug resistance genes, pfmdr-1, pfcrt and dhfr and to a lesser extent the microsatellite loci showed high FST values when comparing villages with Khartoum, indicating strong geographical differentiation at these loci. Moreover, variation in frequencies of the drug resistance genes, pfmdr-1, pfcrt and dhfr, was observed between the wet and dry season. These differences most probably reflect the variation in drug pressure between each region, and in drug usage between the wet and dry season in a given region.
- Subjects :
- Adult
Male
Linkage disequilibrium
Genotype
Genes, Protozoan
Plasmodium falciparum
Population
Population genetics
DHPS
Drug resistance
Biology
Linkage Disequilibrium
Sudan
Antimalarials
Gene Frequency
Genetic variation
parasitic diseases
Animals
Humans
Genetic variability
Malaria, Falciparum
Selection, Genetic
education
Genetics
education.field_of_study
Genetic Variation
Drug Resistance, Multiple
Infectious Diseases
Female
Animal Science and Zoology
Parasitology
Seasons
Dihydropteroate synthase
Microsatellite Repeats
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....1338b669cca621fc8df3fbde6900c6ac
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003020