Two-dimensional apodized grating coupler for polarization-independent and surface-normal optical coupling

A four-port grating coupler with etched square holes is proposed and demonstrated for surface-normal and polarization independent coupling. Benefiting from the perfectly vertical coupling and 1 × 4 power splitting/combing scheme, efficient polarization independent operation was achieved. The coupling efficiency was further improved by grating apodization. According to the simulations, the proposed 2D apodized grating coupler can achieve a coupling efficiency (CE) of 64.5% (-1.9 dB), a low upward back-reflection of 8.5% (-11 dB), and polarization-dependent loss (PDL) lower than 0.04 dB across the wavelength range of 1520-1620 nm. A CE of 56.3% (-2.5 dB) was experimentally measured, with PDL below 0.3 dB within the C-band and lower than 0.5 dB within the L-band. Waveguide delay lines were used to compensate the waveguide channel phase differences at the output port.