Renal artery stenosis in patients with peripheral vascular disease in Kuwait

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) in patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and its relation to any known risk factors. Subjects and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 212 patients who were subjected to peripheral angiography for symptoms of PVD over a 3-year period from 1995 to 1998 at the Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait. Angiographic evidence of atherosclerotic disease and its severity was recorded in renal, abdominal aorta, iliac, femoral, popliteal and below-knee arteries. In addition, a detailed search of identifiable risk factors was done using history, clinical examination and laboratory studies. Results: The incidence of significant atherosclerotic RAS (more than 50% diameter stenosis) in patients with PVD was 15/212 (7.07%) with no significant difference in ratio between males and females (p = 0.3) compared to that of PVD alone. Patients with common iliac and femoral artery lesions had a high incidence of RAS (93.3 and 86.7%, respectively) with more than 80% probability in RAS patients with involvement of these vessels. There was significant renal impairment (p < 0.005), as assessed by serum creatinine levels, in patients with RAS compared to those who did not have it. There was a high incidence of smoking in patients with RAS (p = 0.02), and smoking was the only risk factor identified in these subjects. Conclusions: Patients with iliac or femoral atherosclerotic disease have a high probability of associated RAS. Presence of renal impairment in patients with PVD is highly indicative of RAS. Smoking is the only identified risk factor for RAS in association with PVD in our population.