Additional file 1 of Curcumin suppresses cell proliferation and reduces cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells by activating the TRPA1 channel

Additional file 1: Supplemental Fig 1. Effect of Cur on Caco-2 cell proliferation assessed by inverted microscopy (magnification, 400×). A Caco-2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of Cur (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μM) for 48 h. B Cells of the Caco-2 line were incubated with the indicated concentrations of MC (100 μM), Cur (10 μM), and HC (9 μM) for 48 h. Cur, curcumin; MC, micellar cholesterol; HC, HC-030031. Supplemental Fig 2. Expression levels of NPC1L1, TRPA1, PPARγ, SP-1, SREBP-2 in the colorectal cancer cell lines (taken from the Expression Atlas [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/home]). A Expression levels of NPC1L1 in the colorectal cancer cell lines. B Expression levels of TRPA1, PPARγ, SP-1, SREBP-2 in the Caco-2, SW620, LoVo, HCT116, SW480, and HF-29 cell line. FPKM, fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped; NPC1L1, Niemann-Pick C1-like 1; TPM, transcripts per million; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2; SP-1, specificity protein-1. Supplemental Fig 3. The potential effect of Cur on Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cell lines. A and B Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cells were incubated with 10 μM Cur for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay (A). Effect of Cur on cellular uptake of micellar cholesterol in Caco-2, SW620, HCT116, and LoVo cell line (B). Data presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 4). **P < 0.01 vs control, ***P < 0.01 vs control (A) or MC (B). Cur, curcumin; MC, micellar cholesterol; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; SEM, standard error of the mean. Supplemental Fig 4. Effect of the PPARγ signal on Caco-2 cell proliferation with Cur. Caco-2 cells were pretreated with 10 μM BRL or 5 μM GW9662 and incubated with 10 μM Cur for 48 h. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. Data presented as mean ± SEM. (n = 5). ***P < 0.001 vs control, ###P < 0.001 vs Cur, &&P < 0.01 vs Cur. Cur, curcumin; BRL, rosiglitazone, BRL 49653; GW, GW 9662; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; SEM, standard error of the mean.