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Reversible Alloying of Phosphorene with Potassium and Its Stabilization Using Reduced Graphene Oxide Buffer Layers

Authors :
Yashpal Singh
Xiulin Fan
Prateek Hundekar
Rishabh Jain
Aniruddha S. Lakhnot
Tao Deng
Nikhil Koratkar
Chunsheng Wang
Varun Sarbada
Sang Ouk Kim
Anthony Yoshimura
Tushar Gupta
Source :
ACS Nano. 13:14094-14106
Publication Year :
2019
Publisher :
American Chemical Society (ACS), 2019.

Abstract

High specific capacity materials that can store potassium (K) are essential for next-generation K-ion batteries. One such candidate material is phosphorene (the 2D allotrope of phosphorus (P)), but the potassiation capability of phosphorene has not yet been established. Here we systematically investigate the alloying of few-layer phosphorene (FLP) with K. Unlike lithium (Li) and sodium (Na), which form Li3P and Na3P, FLP alloys with K to form K4P3, which was confirmed by ex situ X-ray characterization as well as density functional theory calculations. The formation of K4P3 results in high specific capacity (∼1200 mAh g-1) but poor cyclic stability (only ∼9% capacity retention in subsequent cycles). We show that this capacity fade can be successfully mitigated by the use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as buffer layers to suppress the pulverization of FLP. We studied the performance of rGO and single-walled carbon nanotubes (sCNTs) as buffer materials and found that rGO being a 2D material can better encapsulate and protect FLP relative to 1D sCNTs. The half-cell performance of FLP/rGO could also be successfully reproduced in a full-cell configuration, indicating the possibility of high-performance K-ion batteries that could offer a sustainable and low-cost alternative to Li-ion technology.

Details

ISSN :
1936086X and 19360851
Volume :
13
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
ACS Nano
Accession number :
edsair.doi.dedup.....264dafa7d9a8acd561158bd968cbd66c
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b06680