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Invasive Bacterial and Fungal Infections Among Hospitalized HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Adults and Adolescents in Northern Tanzania
- Source :
- Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52:341-348
- Publication Year :
- 2011
- Publisher :
- Oxford University Press (OUP), 2011.
-
Abstract
- (See the editorial commentary by Levine and Farag, on pages 349-351.) Background. Few studies describe patterns of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infections in African hospitals in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Methods. We enrolled consecutive admitted patients aged ≥13 years with oral temperature of ≥38.0°C during 1 year in Moshi, Tanzania. A standardized clinical history and physical examination was done and hospital outcome recorded. HIV antibody testing, aerobic and mycobacterial blood cultures, and malaria film were performed. HIV-infected patients also received serum cryptococcal antigen testing and CD4+ T lymphocyte count (CD4 cell count). Results. Of 403 patients enrolled, the median age was 38 years (range, 14–96 years), 217 (53.8%) were female, and 157 (39.0%) were HIV-infected. Of HIV-infected patients, the median CD4 cell count was 98 cells/μL (range, 1–1,105 cells/ μL), 20 (12.7%) were receiving ART, and 29 (18.5%) were receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis. There were 112 (27.7%) patients who had evidence of invasive disease, including 26 (23.2%) with Salmonella serotype Typhi infection, 24 (21.4%) with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, 17 (15.2%) with Cryptococcus neoformans infection, 12 (10.7%) with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection, 8 (7.1%) with Plasmodium falciparum infection, and 7 (6.3%) with Escherichia coli infection. HIV infection was associated with M. tuberculosis and C. neoformans bloodstream infection but not with E. coli, S. pneumoniae, or P. falciparum infection. HIV infection appeared to be protective against Salmonella. Typhi bloodstream infection (odds ratio, .12; P = .001). Conclusions. While Salmonella Typhi and S. pneumoniae were the most common causes of invasive infection overall, M. tuberculosis and C. neoformans were the leading causes of bloodstream infection among HIV-infected inpatients in Tanzania in the ART era. We demonstrate a protective effect of HIV against Salmonella. Typhi bloodstream infection in this setting. HIV co-infections continue to account for a large proportion of febrile admissions in Tanzania.
- Subjects :
- Adult
Male
Microbiology (medical)
Serotype
Tuberculosis
Adolescent
Anti-HIV Agents
HIV Infections
Salmonella typhi
medicine.disease_cause
Tanzania
Sepsis
Young Adult
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
parasitic diseases
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Prevalence
medicine
Humans
Blood culture
Articles and Commentaries
Escherichia coli infection
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Bacteria
medicine.diagnostic_test
biology
business.industry
Fungi
Bacterial Infections
Middle Aged
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease
Virology
Hospitalization
Infectious Diseases
Mycoses
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
Female
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15376591 and 10584838
- Volume :
- 52
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....273bac3492846525e849ac0887b2be40