Pain and Spirituality Outcomes Among Women With Advanced Breast Cancer Participating in a Foot Reflexology Trial

OBJECTIVES: To examine pain and spirituality, demographic/clinical factors associated with pain and spirituality, the contribution of spirituality to experiences pain over time, and how pain and spirituality relate to engagement with a caregiver-delivered intervention. SAMPLE & SETTING: Women with advanced breast cancer (n=256) enrolled in a home-based randomized controlled trial of foot reflexology. METHODS & VARIABLES: Secondary analyses were conducted with baseline and post-intervention data (including reflexology and control groups). Stepwise model building, linear mixed effects modeling and negative binomial regression were employed. Measures: Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-pain intensity; Long-Term Quality of Life- Spiritual/Philosophical subscale; demographic/clinical variables. RESULTS: Mean pain was 3.6/10 and spirituality was 3.2/4.0 at baseline. Participants who were younger (p