Role of the upper airways in patients with chronic cough

Chronic cough can be caused by a number of factors, including infections, rhinosinusitis, asthma and environmental stimuli. This paper reviews recent findings and opinions regarding the role played by the upper airways in chronic cough.Chronic cough has a significant impact on quality of life, which is more pronounced in women. In Western countries, the reported occurrence of rhinosinusitis in patient groups with chronic cough ranges from 8% to 81%. Allergic rhinitis is a risk factor for later development of asthma. In children, bronchiectasis is combined with upper airway abnormalities in the majority of cases. Increased expression of the capsaicin receptor subtype named 'transient receptor potential vanilloid-1', which correlates with capsaicin cough response, has been identified in patients with chronic cough. Patients with airway chemical sensitivity and chronic cough as one symptom have augmented capsaicin cough sensitivity that is related to changed levels of nerve growth factor in nasal lavage.Involvement of the upper airways in chronic cough has been confirmed in several studies. However, there are considerable differences between different health centres in the occurrence of rhinosinusitis as a cause of chronic cough. In patients with chronic cough of various causes, a neurochemical alteration in both the upper and the lower airways appears to have taken place, followed by increased cough sensitivity.