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Mechanism, Clinical Significance, and Treatment Strategy of Warburg Effect in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Source :
- Journal of Nanomaterials, Vol 2021 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Hindawi Limited, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence of HCC accounts for more than 90% of primary HCC. Like most solid malignancies, the occurrence and development of HCC are closely related to the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect of HCC is mainly manifested as increased glucose uptake by HCC cells, increased glycolysis, restricted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increased pentose phosphate pathway in HCC cells, and increased glutamine decomposition. As the contribution of glycolysis to the total ATP of tumor cells generally does not exceed 50% to 60%, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) still makes a considerable contribution to the ATP of tumor cells. In some cases, there will be an anti-Warburg effect. HCC Warburg effect is closely related to HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune escape, migration and invasion, chemotherapy resistance, and treatment failure. The mechanism of the Warburg effect in HCC is complex, involving the expression of stimulating the key glycolysis enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, the continuous activation of related signaling pathways, the participation of noncoding RNA, and the rate of metabolism gene mutation of enzyme. This article synthetically discusses the characteristics of glucose metabolism in HCC cells, the mechanism of Warburg effect, clinical significance, and corresponding treatment strategies and provides new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of HCC.
- Subjects :
- 0303 health sciences
Materials science
Cell growth
Oxidative phosphorylation
Gene mutation
medicine.disease
Warburg effect
digestive system diseases
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Apoptosis
030220 oncology & carcinogenesis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cancer research
medicine
T1-995
General Materials Science
Glycolysis
Signal transduction
neoplasms
Technology (General)
030304 developmental biology
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 16874129 and 16874110
- Volume :
- 2021
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Journal of Nanomaterials
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....33be9dd6b09912f9f0704f6f19fc3af3