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Antitrypanosomal Effects of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler Extracts on African Trypanosomes
- Source :
- Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol 2019 (2019), Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Hindawi, 2019.
-
Abstract
- African trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by the parasitic protozoa of the Trypanosoma genus. Despite several efforts at chemotherapeutic interventions, the disease poses serious health and economic concerns to humans and livestock of many sub-Saharan African countries. Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler (Z. zanthoxyloides LZT) is a plant species of important phytochemical and pharmacological relevance in the subtropical zones of the African continent. However, the mechanisms of its antitrypanosomal effects in African trypanosomes remain to be elucidated. The aim of the study was to determine the in vitro effects and mechanisms of action of Z. zanthoxyloides LZT (root) fractions against Trypanosoma brucei. T. brucei (GUTat 3.1 strain), L. donovani (D10 strain), P. falciparum (3D 7 strain), Jurkat cells, and Chang liver cells were cultivated in vitro to the log phase in their respective media at 37°C. Crude extracts and fractions were prepared from air-dried pulverized plant material of Z. zanthoxyloides LZT (root) using the modified Kupchan method of solvent partitioning. Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined through the alamar blue cell viability assay. Effects of fractions on cell death and cell cycle of T. brucei were determined using flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the effects of fractions on the morphology and distribution of T. brucei. Antitrypanosomal compounds of fractions were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. Methanol, butanol, and dichloromethane fractions were selectively active against T. brucei with respective IC50 values of 3.89, 4.02, and 5.70 μg/ml. Moreover, methanol, butanol, and dichloromethane fractions significantly induced apoptosis-like cell death with remarkable alteration in the cell cycle of T. brucei. Furthermore, dichloromethane and methanol fractions altered the morphology, induced aggregation, and altered the ratio of nuclei to kinetoplasts in the parasite. The HPLC chromatograms and ATR-IR spectra of the active fractions suggested the presence of aromatic hydrocarbons with hydroxyl, carbonyl, amine, or amide functional groups. The results suggest that Z. zanthoxyloides LZT have potential chemotherapeutic effects on African trypanosomes with implications for novel therapeutic interventions in African trypanosomiasis.
- Subjects :
- Article Subject
030231 tropical medicine
Trypanosoma brucei
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
parasitic diseases
medicine
African trypanosomiasis
Viability assay
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
030304 developmental biology
2. Zero hunger
0303 health sciences
biology
Chemistry
lcsh:Other systems of medicine
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease
lcsh:RZ201-999
3. Good health
Complementary and alternative medicine
Biochemistry
Phytochemical
Trypanosoma
Protozoa
Trypanosomiasis
Research Article
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1741427X
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....33d649bf5e59a6bc2ef31ddad77c9314
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1730452