Diagnostic tests for sexually transmitted infections

The laboratory plays an essential role in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The ability to make an accurate diagnosis is essential because of the individual and public health implications associated with an STI diagnosis. This is achieved through a combination of direct microscopy, bacterial culture, molecular detection and serological testing. The choice of test is guided by the method with the highest sensitivity and specificity; in most cases, this is nucleic acid amplification testing. With antimicrobial resistance a significant global concern, monitoring resistance trends is crucial in guiding antimicrobial prescribing. STI testing must be both accessible and acceptable to patients, with testing now available in a variety of community and healthcare settings. Self-sampling for STIs offers a suitable alternative to clinician-taken swabs for those who do not want or need an examination. This paper summarizes the current methods available in the diagnosis of STIs and genital infections.