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Metformin in cardiovascular diabetology: a focused review of its impact on endothelial function
- Source :
- Theranostics
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Ivyspring International Publisher, 2021.
-
Abstract
- As a first-line treatment for diabetes, the insulin-sensitizing biguanide, metformin, regulates glucose levels and positively affects cardiovascular function in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) represents the primary pathological change of multiple vascular diseases, because it causes decreased arterial plasticity, increased vascular resistance, reduced tissue perfusion and atherosclerosis. Caused by "biochemical injury", ED is also an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that metformin improves ED through liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/5'-adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and AMPK-independent targets, including nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2). Evaluating the effects of metformin on endothelial cell functions would facilitate our understanding of the therapeutic potential of metformin in cardiovascular diabetology (including diabetes and its cardiovascular complications). This article reviews the physiological and pathological functions of endothelial cells and the intact endothelium, reviews the latest research of metformin in the treatment of diabetes and related cardiovascular complications, and focuses on the mechanism of action of metformin in regulating endothelial cell functions.
- Subjects :
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
medicine.drug_class
Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
Medicine (miscellaneous)
panvascular disease
FOXO1
Review
AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Pharmacology
Diabetes Complications
Kruppel-Like Factor 4
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
endothelial function
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
Sirtuin 1
Enos
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
medicine
Animals
Humans
Hypoglycemic Agents
Insulin
Endothelium
Endothelial dysfunction
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous)
diabetes
biology
Forkhead Box Protein O1
business.industry
Biguanide
NF-kappa B
cardiovascular diabetology
Endothelial Cells
medicine.disease
biology.organism_classification
Metformin
Endothelial stem cell
Cardiovascular Diseases
biology.protein
Endothelium, Vascular
business
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 18387640
- Volume :
- 11
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Theranostics
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....35d9ef7c648025d4b65dc3f8c5e5a485