Experimental analysis and evaluation of wide residual networks based agricultural disease identification in smart agriculture system

Specialised pest and disease control in the agricultural crops industry have been a high-priority issue. Due to great cost-effectiveness and efficient automation, computer vision (CV)–based automatic pest or disease identification techniques are widely utilised in the smart agricultural systems. As rapid development of artificial intelligence, in the field of computer vision–based agricultural pest identification, an increasing number of scholars have begun to move their attentions from traditional machine learning models to deep learning techniques. However, so far, deep learning techniques still have been suffering from many problems such as limited data samples, cost-effectiveness of network structure, and high image quality requirements. These issues greatly limit the potential utilisation of deep-learning techniques into smart agricultural systems. This paper aims at investigating utilization of one new deep-learning model WRN (wide residual networks) into CV-based automatic disease identification problem. We first built up a large-scale agricultural disease images dataset containing over 36,000 pieces of diseases, which includes typical types of disease in tomato, potato, grape, corn and apple. Then, we analysed and evaluated wide residual networks algorithm using the Tesla K80 graphics processor (GPU) in the TensorFlow deep-learning framework. A set of comprehensive experimental protocols have been designed in comparing with GoogLeNet Inception V4 regarding several benchmarks. The experimental results indicate that (1) under WRN architecture, Softmax loss function gives a faster convergence and improved accuracy than GoogLeNet inception V4 network. (2) While WRN shows a good effect for identification of agricultural diseases, its effectiveness has a strong need on the number of training samples of dataset like at least 36 k images in our experiment. (3) The overall performance is better than 800 sheets. The disease identification results show that the WRN model can be applied to the identification of agricultural diseases.