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Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption
- Source :
- Christia, C, Poma, G, Harrad, S, de Wit, C A, Sjostrom, Y, Leonards, P, Lamoree, M & Covaci, A 2019, ' Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption ', Environmental Research, vol. 171, pp. 204-212 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034, Environmental Research, 171, 204-212. Academic Press Inc., Environmental research
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2019.
-
Abstract
- Plasticizers are a category of chemicals extensively used in consumer products and, consequently, their presence is ubiquitous in the indoor environment. In the present study, an analytical method has been developed for the quantification of plasticizers (7 legacy phthalate esters (LPEs) and 14 alternative plasticizers (APs)) in indoor floor dust based on ultrasonic and vortex extraction, Florisil fractionation and GC-(EI)-MS analysis. Dust samples (n = 54) were collected from homes, offices, and daycare centers from different EU countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden). Method LOQs ranged from 0.2 to 5 mu g/g. Tri-n-hexyl trimellitate (THTM) was not detected in any sample, whereas dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diphenyl phthalate and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) were detected only in 6, 2 and 1 out of 54 samples, respectively. The highest concentrations of plasticizers were measured in Swedish offices, at a mean concentration of total plasticizers of 1800 mu g/g, followed by Swedish daycare centers at 1200 and 670 mu g/g for winter and spring sampling, respectively. Generally, the contribution of APs was slightly higher than for LPEs for all indoor environments (mean contribution 60% and 40%, respectively based on contributions per indoor environment). For the APs, main contributors were DINP in Belgian homes (28%), Swedish offices (60%), Swedish daycare centers (48%), and Dutch offices (31%) and DEHT in Belgian (28%), Irish (40%) and Dutch homes (37%) of total APs. The predominant LPE was bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) with a mean contribution varying from 60% to 85% of total LPEs. Human exposure was evaluated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption using hazard quotients (HQs) of plasticizers (ratio between average daily doses and the reference dose). None of the HQs of plasticizers exceeded 1, meaning that the risk for adverse human health effects from these plasticizers via dust ingestion and dermal absorption is unlikely.
- Subjects :
- Phthalic Acids
010501 environmental sciences
01 natural sciences
Biochemistry
Eu countries
Toxicology
03 medical and health sciences
chemistry.chemical_compound
Human health
0302 clinical medicine
Belgium
Phthalates
Plasticizers
Humans
Ingestion
030212 general & internal medicine
Biology
Netherlands
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
General Environmental Science
Sweden
Reference dose
Phthalate
Plasticizer
Dust
Environmental Exposure
Human exposure
Chemistry
Indoor dust
chemistry
Air Pollution, Indoor
Environmental science
Human medicine
Ireland
Dimethyl phthalate
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 00139351
- Volume :
- 171
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Environmental Research
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....39bd80ff57c1fd3bbbc6447ff15805aa
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034