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Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption

Authors :
Stuart Harrad
Giulia Poma
Cynthia A. de Wit
Ylva Sjostrom
Christina Christia
Marja H. Lamoree
Adrian Covaci
Pim E.G. Leonards
E&H: Environmental Bioanalytical Chemistry
AIMMS
Amsterdam Sustainability Institute
E&H: Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology
Source :
Christia, C, Poma, G, Harrad, S, de Wit, C A, Sjostrom, Y, Leonards, P, Lamoree, M & Covaci, A 2019, ' Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption ', Environmental Research, vol. 171, pp. 204-212 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034, Environmental Research, 171, 204-212. Academic Press Inc., Environmental research
Publication Year :
2019
Publisher :
Elsevier BV, 2019.

Abstract

Plasticizers are a category of chemicals extensively used in consumer products and, consequently, their presence is ubiquitous in the indoor environment. In the present study, an analytical method has been developed for the quantification of plasticizers (7 legacy phthalate esters (LPEs) and 14 alternative plasticizers (APs)) in indoor floor dust based on ultrasonic and vortex extraction, Florisil fractionation and GC-(EI)-MS analysis. Dust samples (n = 54) were collected from homes, offices, and daycare centers from different EU countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden). Method LOQs ranged from 0.2 to 5 mu g/g. Tri-n-hexyl trimellitate (THTM) was not detected in any sample, whereas dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diphenyl phthalate and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) were detected only in 6, 2 and 1 out of 54 samples, respectively. The highest concentrations of plasticizers were measured in Swedish offices, at a mean concentration of total plasticizers of 1800 mu g/g, followed by Swedish daycare centers at 1200 and 670 mu g/g for winter and spring sampling, respectively. Generally, the contribution of APs was slightly higher than for LPEs for all indoor environments (mean contribution 60% and 40%, respectively based on contributions per indoor environment). For the APs, main contributors were DINP in Belgian homes (28%), Swedish offices (60%), Swedish daycare centers (48%), and Dutch offices (31%) and DEHT in Belgian (28%), Irish (40%) and Dutch homes (37%) of total APs. The predominant LPE was bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) with a mean contribution varying from 60% to 85% of total LPEs. Human exposure was evaluated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption using hazard quotients (HQs) of plasticizers (ratio between average daily doses and the reference dose). None of the HQs of plasticizers exceeded 1, meaning that the risk for adverse human health effects from these plasticizers via dust ingestion and dermal absorption is unlikely.

Details

ISSN :
00139351
Volume :
171
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
Environmental Research
Accession number :
edsair.doi.dedup.....39bd80ff57c1fd3bbbc6447ff15805aa
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.034