Towards defining and supporting pharmacists' professional role associated with traditional and complementary medicines – A systematic literature review

A review conducted in 2015 reported community pharmacists are willing to adopt a professional role in counselling consumers about the appropriate and safe use of traditional and complementary medicines (TCM) but faced multiple barriers in doing so; including the role being poorly defined. This current review aimed to update and extend these findings, by identifying studies published since 2015 that reported on pharmacists across any setting.Eligible studies published between January 01, 2016 and December 31, 2021 were identified across six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ScienceDirect and MEDLINE). A grounded theory approach was used to thematically synthesize the data extracted.A total 64 studies representing pharmacists across 30 countries were included for review. Study designs varied including cross-sectional surveys (n = 36), qualitative studies (n = 14), and pseudo-patient studies (n = 3). Eight studies reported on practice and/or bioethical responsibilities and 19 studies reported on factors that would enable pharmacists to fulfill these responsibilities, while 37 studies reported about both.These findings indicate research about pharmacists' responsibilities associated with TCM is evolving from gap analysis towards research that is proactive in advocating for change in multiple areas. These findings can be used to inform a consensus discussion among pharmacists and key stakeholders regarding a set of professional responsibilities that would serve in the development of: a clearly defined role and associated practice standards, and competency requirements that inform educational learning objectives for inclusion in undergraduate, post-graduate and continuing professional pharmacy education.